As obesity rates continue to rise worldwide, the medical field has been hard at work developing new tools to assist those struggling to lose weight (WHO). While diet and exercise remain the foundation of weight management, emerging weight loss medications offer additional support for individuals who have difficulty shedding excess pounds through lifestyle changes alone. These medications work through various mechanisms, including appetite suppression, fat absorption alteration, and even influencing gut-brain communication. Here’s a closer look at some of the most promising weight loss medications currently available and those on the horizon (Lancet).
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
One of the most promising classes of weight loss medications is GLP-1 receptor agonists. GLP-1, or glucagon-like peptide-1, is a hormone that plays a critical role in regulating appetite and blood sugar levels. GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic the effects of this hormone by slowing gastric emptying, which increases feelings of fullness and reduces overall calorie intake.
Semaglutide (Wegovy) is a standout medication in this class. Initially developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, semaglutide was later approved for weight loss after clinical trials demonstrated significant reductions in body weight. In one major trial, patients lost an average of 12-15% of their body weight over 68 weeks of treatment, a remarkable achievement in obesity management . The drug is administered via injection and works by enhancing the body’s natural insulin response while reducing hunger, which can make it easier to stick to a reduced-calorie diet.
While GLP-1 receptor agonists show great potential, they are not without side effects. The most common include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, though these often subside as the body adjusts to the medication. GLP-1 receptor agonists are typically prescribed to individuals with a BMI of 30 or higher or those with weight-related conditions like type 2 diabetes NEJM.
Bupropion-Naltrexone Combination (Contrave)
Another emerging weight loss medication is Contrave, a combination of bupropion and naltrexone. Bupropion is an antidepressant that helps reduce cravings, while naltrexone is commonly used to treat addiction by blocking the brain’s reward system in response to certain behaviors.
Together, these two medications work synergistically to reduce appetite and control emotional eating. In clinical trials, Contrave has been shown to help patients lose an average of 5-10% of their body weight when used alongside a calorie-controlled diet and increased physical activity. This moderate weight loss can still have meaningful impacts on health, particularly for those with obesity-related conditions such as hypertension or diabetes.
The most common side effects of Contrave include nausea, constipation, dizziness, and dry mouth. Additionally, because bupropion affects mood and brain chemicals, there is a risk of psychiatric side effects, such as mood swings or changes in mental health, particularly in those with a history of depression or anxiety (AAFP).
Emerging Treatments on the Horizon
The science behind weight loss medications is rapidly evolving. New treatments are being explored that target different pathways involved in metabolism, hunger, and fat storage. Two areas of interest in current research are the gut-brain axis and the gut microbiome.
Gut-Brain Axis: Scientists are increasingly interested in how hormones like leptin and ghrelin, which regulate hunger and satiety, interact with the brain. Leptin, for example, signals to the brain that the body has enough energy, while ghrelin stimulates hunger (Frontiers). Medications that target these hormones may help regulate appetite more effectively in people with obesity .
Gut Microbiome: The balance of bacteria in the gut has been linked to body weight. Research is ongoing to determine how altering the gut microbiome, either through diet, probiotics, or new medications, can help promote weight loss. Some studies have shown that individuals with a certain composition of gut bacteria may be more prone to weight gain. While others have found that microbiome-based treatments can aid in reducing fat storage.
These emerging treatments represent promising avenues for future therapies, offering hope to individuals who have not responded well to current weight loss strategies.
Considerations and Risks
While these weight loss medications show promise, they are not a magic solution. Weight loss medications are most effective when used in conjunction with lifestyle changes. Like improved nutrition, increased physical activity, and behavior modification. This is why at Activated Health, we take the time to educate you on all the ways to optimize your health. Our goal is to ensure you have a comprehensive plan that integrates medication with sustainable, healthy habits for long-term success.
Emerging weight loss medications offer a new layer of support for individuals struggling with obesity, particularly those who have not been successful with diet and exercise alone. From GLP-1 receptor agonists that reduce appetite to gut-brain axis research that may provide more precise interventions in the future. These medications represent a significant advancement in the fight against obesity.
However, it’s important to work closely with a healthcare provider to determine the right treatment plan. Medications should be considered part of a comprehensive weight management program that includes lifestyle changes to ensure long-term success.
Ready to take the next step in your weight loss journey? At Activated Health, we’ll guide you through your options and create a plan tailored to your needs.
Sources:
- World Health Organization. (2022). Obesity and overweight. WHO.
- Collins, G. S., Le Manach, Y., & Altman, D. G. (2024). Artificial intelligence for clinical decision-making: Promises, challenges, and opportunities. The Lancet, 402(10396), 1238-1245. Lancet
- Wilding, J.P.H., et al. “Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity.” New England Journal of Medicine, 2021. NEJM.
- American Academy of Family Physicians. (2015, April 15). Naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave) for weight loss. American Family Physician, 91(8), 554-556. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0415/p554.html
- Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Laudisio, D., Di Somma, C., Salzano, C., Pugliese, G., & Colao, A. (2021). The management of very low-calorie ketogenic diet in obesity: The role of nutritionist. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 749050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.749050
